Biography of Lucrezia Borgia, Italian Noblewoman

Lucrezia Borgia (April 18, 1480–June 24, 1519) was the  illegitimate daughter of Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia) by one of his mistresses. She had three political marriages, arranged for her familys advantage, and likely had several adulterous alliances. Borgia was also for a time a papal secretary, and her later years were spent in relative stability as the Good Duchess of Ferrara, sometimes acting as de facto ruler in her husbands absence. Fast Facts: Lucrezia Borgia Known For: Borgia was the daughter of Pope Alexander VI and an important Italian noblewoman.Born: April 18, 1480 in Rome, ItalyParents: Cardinal Rodrigo de Borgia (Pope Alexander VI) and Vannozza dei CattaneiDied: June 24, 1519 in Ferrara, ItalySpouse(s): Giovanni Sforza (m.  1493–1497), Alfonso of Aragon (m.  1498–1500), Alfonso dEste  (m.  1502–1519)Children: Seven Early Life Lucrezia Borgia was born in Rome in 1480. Her father Rodrigo was a cardinal in the Catholic Church when she was born. Lucrezias mother was his mistress of some years, Vannozza Cattanei, who was also the mother of two older children by Rodrigo, Giovanni and Cesare. After Rodrigo became Pope as Alexander VI, he advanced the career within the church of many Borja and Borgia relatives. Not much is known about Borgias childhood, but by about 1489, she was living with her fathers third cousin Adriana de Mila and her fathers new mistress Giulia Farnese, who was married to Adrianas stepson. Adriana, a widow, had care of Lucrezia, who was educated at the nearby Convent of St. Sixtus. When Cardinal Rodrigo was elected Pope in 1492, he began to use that office to his familys advantage. Cesare, one of Lucrezias brothers, was made an archbishop, and in 1493 he became a cardinal. Giovanni was made a duke and was to head up papal armies. First Marriage The Sforza family of Milan was one of the most powerful families in Italy and had supported the election of Pope Alexander VI. They also were allied with the French king against Naples. A member of the Sforza family, Giovanni Sforza, was lord of a small Adriatic fishing town called Pesano. It was with him that Alexander arranged a marriage for Lucrezia, to reward the Sforza family for their support and to bind their families together. Lucrezia was 13 years old when she married Giovanni Sforza on June 12, 1493. The marriage was not a happy one. Within four years, Lucrezia was complaining of his behavior. Giovanni also accused Lucrezia of misconduct. The Sforza family was no longer in favor with the pope; Ludovico had provoked an attack by the French that almost cost Alexander his papacy. Lucrezias father and her brother Cesare began to have other plans for Lucrezia: Alexander wanted to switch alliances from France to Naples. Early in 1497, Lucrezia and Giovanni separated. The Borgias began the process of annulling the marriage, charging Giovanni with impotence and nonconsummation of the marriage. Eventually, Giovanni agreed to the annulment in exchange for keeping the substantial dowry Lucrezia had brought to the marriage. Second Marriage Lucrezia, age 21, married Alfonso dAragon by proxy on June 28, 1498, and in person on July 21. A feast much like that at her first marriage celebrated this second wedding. The second marriage soured more quickly than the first. Only a year later, other alliances were tempting the Borgias. Alfonso left Rome, but Lucrezia talked him into returning. She was appointed governor of Spoleto. On November 1, 1499, she gave birth to Alfonsos son, naming him Rodrigo after her father. On July 15 of the next year, Alfonso survived an assassination attempt. He had been at the Vatican and was on his way home when hired killers stabbed him repeatedly. He managed to make it home, where Lucrezia cared for him and hired armed guards to protect him. About a month later on August 18, Cesare Borgia visited Alfonso, who was recuperating, promising to complete that which had not been finished earlier. Cesare returned later with another man, cleared the room, and, as the other man later recounted the story, had his associate strangle or smother Alfonso to death. Lucrezia was devastated by the death of her husband. After returning to Rome, Lucrezia began to work in the Vatican at her fathers side. She handled the popes mail and even answered it when he was not in town. Third Marriage A still-young daughter of the pope remained a prime candidate for an arranged marriage to solidify Borgia power. The eldest son, and presumed heir, of the Duke of Ferrara was a recent widower. The Borgias saw this as an opportunity for an alliance with a region that was physically between their current power base and another they wanted to add to the familys lands. Ercole dEste, the Duke of Ferrara, was understandably hesitant to marry his son, Alfonso dEste, to a woman whose first two marriages had ended in scandal and death, or to marry their more established family to the newly powerful Borgias. Ercole dEste was allied with the king of France, who wanted the alliance with the Pope. The Pope threatened Ercole with the loss of his lands and title if he did not consent. Ercole drove a hard bargain before consenting to the marriage in exchange for a very large dowry, a position in the church for his son, some additional lands, and reduced payments to the church. Ercole even considered marrying Lucrezia himself if his son Alfonso did not agree to the marriage—but Alfonso did. Lucrezia Borgia and Alfonso dEste were married by proxy at the Vatican on December 30, 1501. In January, she traveled with 1,000 in attendance to Ferrara, and on February 2, the two were married in person in another luxurious ceremony. Death of the Pope The summer of 1503 was oppressively hot and mosquitos were rampant. Lucrezias father died unexpectedly of malaria on August 18, 1503, ending the Borgia plans for solidifying power. Cesare was also infected but survived, but he was too ill at his fathers death to move quickly to secure treasure for his family. Cesare was supported by Pius III, the next pope, but that pope died after 26 days in office. Giuliano Della Rovere, who had been a rival of Alexander and long an enemy of the Borgias, tricked Cesare into supporting his election as pope, but as Julius II, he reneged on his promises to Cesare. The Vatican apartments of the Borgia family were sealed by Julius, who was revolted by the scandalous behavior of his predecessor. Children The main responsibility of a Renaissance rulers wife was to bear children, who would in turn either rule or be married into other families to cement alliances. Lucrezia was pregnant at least 11 times during her marriage to Alfonso. There were several miscarriages and at least one stillborn child, and two others died in infancy. Five other children survived infancy, and two—Ercole and Ippolito—lived to adulthood. Patronage and Business In Ferrara, Lucrezia associated with artists and writers, including the poet Ariosto, and helped bring many to the court, distant as it was from the Vatican. Poet Pietro Bembo was one of those she patronized and, judging from the letters surviving to him, its possible the two had an affair. Recent studies have shown that during her years in Ferrara, Lucrezia was also a shrewd businesswoman, building up her own fortune quite successfully. She used some of her wealth to build hospitals and convents, winning the respect of her subjects. She invested in marshy land, then drained it and recovered it for agricultural use. Later Years Lucrezia received word in 1512 that her son Rodrigo dAragon had died. She withdrew from most social life, though she continued her business enterprises. She eventually turned to religion, spending more time at convents, and even began wearing a hairshirt (an act of penance) under her fancy gowns. Visitors to Ferrara commented on her melancholy and noted that she seemed to be aging rapidly. She had four more pregnancies and perhaps two miscarriages between 1514 and 1519. In 1518, she wrote a letter to her son Alfonso in France. Death On June 14, 1519, Lucrezia gave birth to a stillborn daughter. Lucrezia contracted a fever and died 10 days later. She was mourned by her husband, family, and subjects. Legacy Because of her scandalous reputation, Lucrezia Borgia has become a popular character in fiction, opera and drama. Her life has been dramatized in works such as Victor Hugos Lucrà ¨ce Borgia, the 1935 Abel Gance film Lucrezia Borgia, and the BBC series The Borgias. Sources Bradford, Sarah.  Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Love and Death in Renaissance Italy. Penguin Books, 2005.Meyer, G. J.  The Borgias: The Hidden History. Bantam Books, 2014.

Johnny Got His Gun Essay - 1420 Words

dignity because he could no longer interact with other humans. It was the author’s idea of the worst case scenario that could have occurred to a soldier who was injured. The description of his injuries gave the reader a picture of what it would be like to have lived with no legs, arms, or a face. It was a gruesome thought that helped personalize the story by making the reader feel bad for the main character. At this time many perceived fighting in a war to be noble but for most of the soldiers it was anything but noble. Many times television shows, movies, and books had glamorized war, but that was not the truth. This book showed the harsh reality of war that most people didn’t know existed at the time. War is something that no†¦show more content†¦Obviously this is not a good solution, which is why we must find other ways to solve our disputes. This book changed my attitude towards war and the men who fight in them. As evidenced from the past tense verb in the title of the novel, Johnny Got His Gun takes as its focus the aftermath of war for a soldier, rather than the optimistic, patriotic prewar time frame upon which other novels—as well as the original song quot;Johnny Get Your Gunquot;—focus. Although the novel remains clear about the fact that Johnny received his injuries from an exploding shell, Johnny does not ever think back to combat warfare. The novel takes as its opponent not combat warfare but rather the mentality of warfare and organization of modern warfare by the moneyed classes. Joes memories related to the war, such as the Lazarus story, or the story of the man with a flap over his stomach, do not directly deal with warfare. Instead, these various memories create a sense of the incomprehensible decay, injury, and pain that result from war. Joe remembers the stories with a wry tone that gives a sense of the absurdity of each of the situations—such as the rumor about the man who lost his face only to return home and die at his wifes hands. In this sense, the use of the war in the text remains true to its use in the title of the novel: the war exists as a precondition for senseless and grotesque injury andShow MoreRelatedJohnny Got His Gun By Dalton Trumbo2438 Words   |  10 Pages Johnny Got His Gun was written by Dalton Trumbo in 1938 but was not published until late 1939. Johnny Got His Gun won The Most Original Book of 1939 which is a National book award. This book was set during World War I. The book itself is fiction but was based off a Canadian man who lost all of his limbs and senses to a bomb blast. Trumbo first heard about the Canadian man when he read an article over the Prince of Wales arranging a visit to meet the wounded soldier at a Canadian veterans hospitalRead MoreConsequences Of Johnny Got The Gun And Johnny Got His Gun1644 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout time we have gone through many wars, and with these wars come death and destruction. Most people aren’t actually the ones fighting in wars but we are able to explore the world of war through novels and films. One classic novel it Johnny Got His Gun, by Dalton Trumbo, this novel follows young Joe Bonham as he goes to fight in World War I, only to end up severely injured and stuck in a hospital bed. Likewise in the 1965 American Civil war movie, Shenandoah the Anderson family wants no partRead MoreIn The Film Shenandoah And Johnny Got His Gun And Johnny Got His Gun1404 Words   |  6 Pagesvariations in setting or advancements in technology is thoroughly emphasized in the novel Johnny Got His Gun by Dalton Trumbo, and the film Shenandoah directed by Andrew V. McLaglen. In the novel Johnny Got His Gun, the main character Joe Bonham was a soldier serving in WWI when he was unfortunately hit by an artillery shell. When Joe eventually wakes up, he is given the lonely task of trying to put the missing pieces of his life back together again, which is harder task than he first imagined. Another storyRead MoreJohnny Got His Gun Analysis1668 Words   |  7 PagesTrumbos novel Johnny Got His Gun and Universals film Shenandoah tell the story of two seemingly different characters, Joe Bonham and Charlie Anderson, who in a like manner, undergo loss and destruction followi ng war, whether it is World War One or the Civil War. Although Joe Bonham and Charlie Anderson live fifty years apart and face two different wars, they exhibit similar attitudes and emotions. War is the central point of Johnny Got His Gun. Were it not for war, Joe would be living his normal lifeRead MoreCompare And Contrast Boy And Johnny Got His Gun1117 Words   |  5 Pagesmessage clearly. In the novel Johnny Got His Gun by Dalton Trumbo, Joe, a young soldier drafted into the war, suffered extreme injures both mentally and physically after battle due to not fully knowing what to expect going into war. Likewise, in Shenandoah, a 1965 Civil War movie, Boy, the youngest in the Anderson family, mistakenly gets forced into the line of battle and is faced with the truth behind the whole war at a very young age and faces several losses from his journey. Despite the fact thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Johnny Got His Gun By Dalton Trumbo1646 Words   |  7 Pagesvictims in a state of despair and devastation, as author Dalton Trumbo attempts to explore in his novel, â€Å"Johnny Got His Gun.† The book’s title captures the reader, not only from the author’s pers pective about war but also of compassion and to one’s own mortality. Trumbo’s story about his main character, Joe, mimics his own life’s story. Very much like Joe, Dalton Trumbo came from a working-class family, lost his father, and worked at a bakery. Their parallel lives diverge when Joe went off to war andRead MoreCharacter Analysis : Johnny Got His Gun By Dalton Trumbo1862 Words   |  8 Pagesthey come to an end with similarity. Johnny Got His Gun written by Dalton Trumbo is about a man, Joe, who gets drafted into a deadly war without knowing what he is even fighting for. With such little purpose to be in the war, he loses so much. Without sight, speech, smell or limbs, his thoughts are the only thing left to comfort him. Similarly, in the movie Shenandoah, a man named Charlie has avoided contact with the Civil war going on in his backyard until his son, Boy, gets taken accidentally asRead MoreMovie Analysis : Johnny Got His Gun And Wilfred Owen s Poem15 22 Words   |  7 PagesPeriods of conflict often conjure a variety of texts with contradictory representations of war to either propagandise involvement or highlight its traumatic effects. Dalton Trumbo’s novel, Johnny Got His Gun and Wilfred Owen’s poem, â€Å"Mental Cases† serve to illustrate the harsh realities of war and its ramifications which are generally excluded from more modern thrillers such as Pearl Harbour (2001). Often impacted by personal experiences or the cultural and societal views of the time, creators’ individualRead MoreAnalysis Of The Outsiders By Ins.e Hinton845 Words   |  4 Pages10. However, in S.E Hinton’s novel the outsiders , their are two characters that are alike. Johnny and Dally are similar because they both have abusive parents that do not care about them and place very little value on their lives. Yet despite these similarities is that Johnny Follows the rules and Dally breaks the law on purpose and when the church burnt down johnny went to help but dally did not. Johnny and dally both have one very significant Similarity which is, That they both have abusiveRead MoreBook Analysis : The Outsiders And Greasers1129 Words   |  5 Pagesand Johnny Cade are the three main Greasers and three unlikely heroes in the novel. They achieved this state by saving peoples lives, help those in need, showing care and standing up for each other. These three greasers put their life’s in front of others to save people. Dally always puts the safety of his friends before him. He helped Johnny and Ponyboy hide after accidentally killing a rich kid in the town. Johnny and Ponyboy ran to Dally to ask for some help, he provided them with a gun (heater)

Essay about Comparing Macbeth and Othello - 1019 Words

Comparing Macbeth and Othello A masterful playwright and poet named William Shakespeare in the Seventeenth century wrote both the tragedies Macbeth and Othello. In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the idea of one character becoming both victim and villain is introduced. Macbeth falls prey to others’ deception, and is supplanted with greed and hate when three witches trick him. When told that he is going to be King of Scotland, Macbeth does whatever he can to insure his property. In Macbeth’s quest for power, he gains a flaw that ends in a deteriorated relationship with Lady Macbeth, and his eventual defeat. Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello, written in 1604, is based on a tale that circulated in books at that time. Othello is one of†¦show more content†¦Macbeth could have easily told his wife to forget her plans. Instead he allows himself to be influenced by her sadistic plot. While Othello may not be so much influenced as deceived, he still makes the mistake of allowing him self to believe the unbelievable. It is undeniable that the vengeful Iago influences Othello, and it is his somewhat gullible nature that gets him into trouble. In Act III, Iago carefully leads Othello down a treacherous path, which leads to his future decision. Othello takes every word to heart and blindly follows Iago’s every move until he is totally submerged with blind jealousy. Iago’s reputation for complete honesty is what troubles Othello. He fears that with a person such as Iago being worried for a reason he will not divulge, then trouble must be around the corner. Othello knows that Iago is not a â€Å"false disloyal knave†(III, iii, 121). This is why he is troubled by the fact that Iago knows something and will not tell him. Iago is steadily leading Othello down a road from which he cannot return. The thought of murder is enough to make anyone sorrowful. Macbeth suffers greater than most; however, for it is he who has committed the murder. Th roughout the play, Macbeth has a conscience that plagues him and prohibits him from forgetting all that he has done. He is not sufficiently cultivated in good or evil to gather poise for allShow MoreRelated Comparing Macbeth, Hamlet, and Othello Essay2768 Words   |  12 PagesComparing Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Hamlet, and Othello  Ã‚      Shakespeare’s tragedies were extremely popular in Elizabethan times and today. A tragedy is described as â€Å"a sad, serious story or play, usually ending with the death of the hero. A disastrous, fatal or dreadful event.† By comparing the three plays, Macbeth, Hamlet and Othello it is possible to see how he has used techniques appropriate to tragedy and how he applied them to his plays. The opening of the play is significant because itRead MoreStimulating Pity through Murder 1000 Words   |  4 Pagestheir plays to achieve a reaction such as pity. One playwright in particular, William Shakespeare, can be said to have utilized murder efficiently because, even after 400 years, his plays still have an immense effect on audiences. In Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet and Othello Shakespeare’s use of murder arouses pity in the audience, thereby satisfying part of Aristotle’s definition of tragedy. Aristotle’s Definition of Tragedy The great Greek philosopher Aristotle set forth to explicate the true natureRead MoreOthello And Hamlet Analysis774 Words   |  4 Pagespoints, while the second was comparing Shakespeare to Aristotle. In essay one the writer brings up how us, the readers, are supposed to identify and compare ourselves to the main male protagonists in all of Shakespeare’s tragedies and this creates the sense of tragedy. The writer does this by bringing up the specific traits of characters such as; the strength of Othello, the intelligence and cleverness of Hamlet, the foolish vanity of King Lear, and the treachery of Macbeth. The second point of theRead MoreHuman Weakness in Macbeth and Othello2915 Words   |  12 PagesMacbeth is one of the best known plays written by Shakespeare in the 17th century, Jacobean period. It was the period where the belief in supernatural was greatly held and king James I himself, the author of Divine rights of king adhered in witchcraft and openly practiced the idea of kings being God’s representatives on earth, so to even complain about them was a sin. The tragic hero, brave and valiant Macbeth had all the required characteristics of the ideal Scottish soldier; valorous and gallantRead MoreCharacterization Of Macbeth1276 Words   |  6 Pages But with this answer comes another question: why would Shakespeare name the main character Macbeth when his monarchs were Elizabeth I and James I? What message was he trying to send by using the name of Macbeth, the king of Scotland in 1040? In Jonathan Goldberg’s essay â€Å"Speculations: Macbeth and source† in Jean E Howard’s anthology on Shakespeare, Goldberg explains how the King Duncan in the play is a reflection of the real life Duncan I from Scotland in the 1030s when Scotland was going throughRead More Feminist Reading of Shakespeares The Winters Tale Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pagesvested with varying degrees of power in relation to the tragic heroes. In looking back at Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, The Winters Tale can be seen as an extension of the exploration into the nature of women and power broached in his earlier tragedies, as well as an amendment for the misogynistic attitudes they contain. In our class discussions, we were vexed by a condition we found prevalent in both Othello and King Lear; both of these plays end with the deaths of two innocent women: DesdemonaRead MoreThe Dramatic Impact of Act 3 Scene of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1568 Words   |  7 Pagesin the images themselves to great effect, and this coupled with his mastery of imagery makes this a powerful and dramatic scene. Romeo and Juliet predates the four great Shakespearean tragedies of Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, and Othello. Whilst still being a tragedy it does not follow the classical pattern of the other four where a person, usually of high social status, is doomed to disaster and death because of one fatal weakness of character. In Romeo andRead MoreThe Development of Othellos Character in William Shakespeares Play1972 Words   |  8 PagesThe Development of Othellos Character in William Shakespeares Play Othello was first performed by the King’s Men at the court of King James I on November 1, 1604. Written during Shakespeare’s great tragic period, which also included the composition of Hamlet (1600), King Lear (1604–5), and Macbeth (1606), Othello is set against the backdrop of the wars between Venice and Turkey that raged in the latter part of the sixteenth century. Cyprus, which is the setting for mostRead More The Excellence Of Women In Shakespearean Tragedy Essay examples1787 Words   |  8 Pagesloyalty, and great generosity.? [147] Within a standard reading of Othello these characteristic are by no means shadowed, they are vividly portrayed in most, if not all, of her actions. Her independence is conveyed by her decision to marry Othello without the good grace of her father, in essence she knows what she wants and how to get it. Her honesty is seen within her dying testament. Her loyalty is portrayed by her love for Othello and the truth of not dismissing her marriage. Finally her generosityRead MoreEssay Death of a Salesman, Tragic Hero. Willy Loman.1503 Words   |  7 Pagesmust possess ‘Megalopyschia’, otherwise known as an elevated status. Willy Loman is an unsuccessful salesman of the late 1940s. He is not perceived to be ‘great’ or ‘noble’ such as other characters i n traditional tragedies including Oedipus Rex, Macbeth and Hamlet all of which whom are kings. Willy’s last name â€Å"Loman† can be seen as significant as it may be seen as pun (low). Arthur Miller’s intentions for doing this would be to show how he meaningfully gave his protagonist a low status and in his

THE RISE OF THE PAPACY Essay examples - 1637 Words

Introduction Early in history, the Roman papacy consolidated its power. It became one of the most influential organizations in the medieval period. This rise to power resulted from the decline in the Western Empire, the leadership of Roman bishops, and special grants that gave the church land holdings. This rise to power caused some positive ramifications, such as the protection of the church from heresy. However, the absolute power of the pope also caused corruption and abuses, many of which would eventually spark the reformation. Rise of the Papacy Perhaps no other event was as influential to the rise of papacy in Rome as the decline of the Roman empire. With the decline of the empire, the church became the last refuge of†¦show more content†¦The church rose to the challenge, providing food and supplies to those in need.5 The church also took over many the tasks the government had abandoned, such as repairing structures and overseeing the law enforcement of Rome.6 Furthermore, as the Eastern Empire neglected Rome, the popes turned to other nations and peoples for support. This would eventually lead to the crowning of Pepin, a Frank, by the papacy. This provided Rome with protection from the enemy lombards who threatened to attack. In turn, the Franks were indebted to the church, and granted the papacy extensive lands.7 Strong Leadership The decline of the Western Empire was not the only factor contributing to the rise of the papacy. Strong leaders served to solidify the power of the Roman bishop. Through their efforts, the people began to see the Roman bishop as far more than a mere spiritual leader. They looked to the bishop for guidance in matters of state as well. An excellent example of this is found in Leo I. In AD 452, Attila the Hun marched towards Rome, intending to conquer the Western Roman Empire. He was met by a delegation from Rome. Among this delegation was the Roman bishop, Leo, in place of the Roman emperor. The men spoke, and Attila was apparently swayed from destroying Rome. Through it is questionable how much of Attila’s decision was based on the words of Leo and how much was based on Attila’s weary army, the people saw Leo as a hero.8 A similar event occurred a fewShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Papacy Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rise of the Papacy There many Roman Catholics worldwide, who looks up to the Pope’s authority. The great question is, what is the foundation of the Papacy? The rise of the papacy came at a very important time in history, after the fall of Rome. In 380 CE, Emperor Theodosius I, made Nicene Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. After this establishment, and the church was the top religion in Rome, order was a must. The head of the church normally known as the bishop, now knownRead MoreThe Rise of the Papacy948 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION This paper will look into the primary reasons for the rise of the Roman papacy to power, and a few of the many things that aided the papacy in getting there. The fall of the Roman Empire is clearly a key factor in the rise of the papacy, so a look into the factors that caused the fall of the Roman Empire is essential. Secondly, a look into how the church positioned itself, to step into the vacuum of power left behind by the fall of the Roman Empire will prove to be needed. Lastly,Read MoreThe Rise Of The Papacy1473 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rise of the Papacy Introduction The birth or the beginnings of the Papacy is a rather difficult task to really nail down to a specific time, place or person and also the growth of the Papacy was a rather slow and gradual process. In this modern age Rome has been associated with the birth place of the Papacy but history shows that Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in the 4th century. In Constantinople the father of the church was referred to as the Pope. TheRead MoreThe Rise of the Papacy Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesCHHI-301-D10 LUO FALL2013 PAPER 2 The Rise of the Papacy INTRO In the void left by the collapse of the Roman Empire, the bishop of Rome grew even more in both power and prestige beginning in the sixth century and continuing to the reformation in the ninth century. It is the aim of this paper to explain how and why the papacy in Rome became the center of power of the medieval world, the factors contributing to this dominance over Western Europe, and the positive and negative ramificationsRead MoreEssay about The Rise of the Papacy1770 Words   |  8 PagesThe Rise of the Papacy Barry Blankenship CHHI 301 - History of the Christian Church I Professor – Dr. Jeffrey S. Mayfield February 20, 2012 The Fall of A Great Empire and the Rise of the Papacy Before the fall of the Roman Empire you must stop and look at the power that was held within the millions of miles of land, building, people, cities, kings, and customs. The Roman Empire was not known for being just another city or empire but it was known for its strength, power and victoriesRead MoreThe Roman Empire And The Rise And Fall Of The Papacy1337 Words   |  6 Pagesin profound changes that demand a theological response. A candid but rational inquiry into the progress and establishment of Christianity may be considered a very essential part of the history of the Roman Empire and the rise and fall of the papacy. The history of the Papacy began over two thousand years ago with the reign of John Paul II. Peter, the humble fisherman of Galilee and an Apostle of Jesus Christ, became the figure head and the basis for the institution that has outlined not only theRead MoreThe Christian Era Of The Western Roman Empire1424 Words   |  6 Pagesthe full potential of the papacy was Leo the Great. In his two decades of servitude, he planted the seeds of Christian control to come over the next millennia in asserting the pope’s authority over other bishops by the power of the keys, granted by Jesus to Peter. In doing this Leo the Great positioned the pope as the sole arbiter in holy matters, establishing the position as that of enormous spiritual power. With the collapse of Roman authority in the West, the papacy found itself well positionedRead MoreChhi 301 Paper 21749 Words   |  7 PagesPAPER 2 Submitted to: Dr. Nickens Liberty University Online Lynchburg, VA by Richard M. Shouse June 17, 2013 Introduction: In response to the how and why the papacy in Rome became the center of power as it did. Shortly after the Fall of the Roman Empire there was a fight for power between several barbarian tribes like the Ostrogoth’s, Goths, Visigoths, Vandals, Saxons, Huns, Franks, Lombard’s, Burundians, and others. The two major tribes were the Ostrogoth’sRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1216 Words   |  5 Pagesthe void left by the fall of Western Roman Empire. Several factors led to the papacy in Rome becoming the center of power. First, the church gained unsolicited popularity through the early relationships with the apostles. The office of the pope came from the apostle Peter who Christ gave authority in the church, a prominent leader and appointed as the guide for His people. Pope Damasus I, got the foundation for papacy based on the conversation between Peter and Jesus. Damasus belief in the apostolicRead MoreComparative Essay on Uniformitarianism and Catasophism1386 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rise of Papacy The rise of the papacy came at a time when the Roman Empire collapsed and there was chaos as it related to the bishops who held office in Rome and what religion would be at the forefront of the representation of the west or east of Rome since its demise. The term â€Å"papacy† (papatus), meant to distinguish the Roman bishop’s office from all bishoprics (episcopatus), and The Head of the Roman Catholic Church the pope is considered the successor of Peter and the vicar of Christ

The Renaissance and It’s Affect on William Shakespeare’s...

It’s very easy to see William Shakespeare as an amazing literary genius who had a perspective on life that, to simply put it, no one else has ever had. However Shakespeare was the product of the English Renaissance. The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement spanning from the later 15th century until the early 17th century, it is associated with the Italian Renaissance which started in the 14th century. Like most of northern Europe, England did not get the full effect of the Renaissance until about a century later and the height of the English Renaissance is considered to be in the Elizabethan Era (1558–1603). The Renaissance was how all of Europe moved away from the Middle Ages and into the new world. The Renaissance was†¦show more content†¦Iris is the messenger of the gods, Ceres presides over agriculture and Juno is the queen of the gods. Shakespeare did not limit himself to Greek and Roman texts, one of his most famous play, Hamlet, was b ased on a Norse legend composed by Saxo Grammaticus around 1200 AD (Mallibard, 2000). â€Å"Roman dramatist Seneca was a major influence on the plays of William Shakespeare, particularity the tragedies Titus Andronicus, Hamlet, and Macbeth and the history play Richard III.†. The plays of Seneca that most contribute to aiding Shakespeare’s plays listed above are: The Trojan Women, Phaedra, Thyestes, Agamemnon and Hercules Furens. Many of the elements that appeared in Seneca’s plays are evident in Shakespeare’s plays, including: a preoccupation with torture, mutilation, incest and corpses (Titus Andronicus), a stress on witchcraft and the supernatural (Macbeth), the existence of vaulting ambition in the prince (Macbeth and Richard III), the ghost that calls for revenge (Hamlet and Macbeth), the self dramatization of the hero, especially in death (Hamlet and Macbeth) and the frequent use of stichomythia# (Richard III and Hamlet). (Egendorf, 2000). Romeo and Juliet, one of Shakespeares great tragedies was based on the story of Pyramus and Thisbe, who were two character of Roman mythology. (Ovid, 1 ACE). A scene in A Midsummer Night’s Dream also features the poem Pyramus and Thisbe. 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All I see is You kissing Her Essay Example For Students

All I see is You kissing Her Essay All I see is you kissing her  I open the drawer  and gently pick up,  my most prized possession.  It is a picture,  of you and me.  We are standing there,  all dressed up and laughing.  I close my eyes,  and try to remember  what it was like.  But all I see,  is You kissing Her.  It is a movie slowly playing in my mind.  I see my friend running in,  shouting my name.  She is laughing.  I ask what has happened,  but all she says is that I must come.  And then I suddenly sees,  what she think is so funny. But I dont feel like laughing,  I feel more like crying.  Because what I see  is You kissing Her  I put on my smile  and pretend to be laughing.  But my mind screams out,  WHY HER?!  She doesnt know you,  she doesnt care about you.  Like I do.  She only cares about,  being seen with the right people.  Shes only going to hurt you.  So why is all I see,  You kissing Her?  I wish you knew how much I care,  and how much I miss you.  I wish you knew  that Im laying awake tonight.  Looking at the picture of you and me,  writing this poem about you and her.  Why are you making it,  so painful and yet so easy,  for me to be in love with you?  Why are you kissing her,  and not me? In preparation for my acting assessment, I am playing the role of Dennis in Just Between Ourselves by Alan Ayckbourn. In order to research Ayckbourns style and method, I have also looked at his Confusions collection and, in particular, the play Between Mouthfuls. Just Between Ourselves is a comedy, set in late 70s England, following a dysfunctional married couple (Dennis and Vera) on their quest to sell a useless old car to an equally troubled pair (Neil and Pam). It is, however, a dark comedy which touches on many serious issues, such as mental and physical illness, and the constant tension and conflict between the ill-matched couples. Between Mouthfuls also depicts two couples the wealthy, bossy, and slightly posh Donald and Emma Pierce, and the younger Martin and Polly Chalmers. It is set in a restaurant in 80s England, and during the course of the play we experience the conversations from the point of view of the waiter, who remains hilariously deadpan and emotionless, despite the increasingly violent confrontations amongst the couples. The period and culture of both plays are almost identical theyre both set in the late 20th Century, in a suburban middle class world, and deal with middle-aged couples and their marriages. Both have very unremarkable settings, using only a garage and a garden space, or a restaurant for the whole play to take place in. The settings are incredibly original, with Ayckbourn even utilising a car on stage throughout Just Between Ourselves demonstrating daring creativity on the writers behalf. In both plays, the couples seem to be comfortably off without having in any way extravagant life-styles. The restaurant in Between Mouthfuls is modest and ordinary, and the car being sold in Just Between Ourselves is very standard (although we try to put forward the impression that its old and useless for comedic effect). The couples have enough money to go out to eat, go on holidays abroad, and to run cars; however theyre not wealthy. Their pre-occupations are their work, their homes and their family relationships. There are no references to historical or political events, but the period shines through via the lack of technology (no mobile phones or internet) plus the rather old-fashioned attitudes to women, such as my character Denniss constant sexist yet seemingly innocent abuse towards his wife, for example Let the queen back in her kitchen! and bloody dopey, arent you my love. This clearly would be considered disgraceful these days, so certainly helps establish the plays period and culture.

Strategic Development of Nab

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Development of Nab. Answer: Organizations Overview Every organization has some strategic methods for the development of their company which is considered to be different from any other standard methodology. In order to reduce the risks and increase the companys standards by giving it huge profits the strategies have to be designed which apparently contributes for the growth of the company. A systematic planning is the secret for the companys growth. In the present report we would discuss about one of the leading banking sources in Australia named National Australian Bank which provides sources for the Australian citizens in terms of funding including benefits in other banking terms of generating business. The classic pathway of companys growth into a successful organization is put in words in over a period of time. Let us have a look on the strategic business ideas and its effectiveness. Table of Contents Organizations Overview.. 2 Business Outline. 4 NABs Strategy. 4 Business Approaches used by NAB.. 5 NAB two famous controversies. 5 NAB-Control Managemnet analysis. 6 Culture in the Organization. 7 Organizations leadership Qualities. 7 Inference. 8 References. 9 Business Outline The streamlined path of introducing business strategic ideas in any organization is a big task since iyt should involve all the related areas for development. National Bank in Australia has been categorized in the business related to the monetary which is a framework of wide sector business capitalization in Australia (Antonakis, 2015). This bank has made an tempt of online banking portal which in turn created a popularity in this present internet freak generation. NABs Strategy Advantages of Competitive, task and Image: NAB is mainly focussed on the financial resource that has to be offered to the Australian citizens as a key factor along with some defined economic amenities as it is trying to achieve the top level state in the business world in the entire Australia. Besides the ultimate objective of NAB is to create an opinion that it is the famous and reputed bank throughout Australia and surrounded areas such as New Zealand. The National Australian Bank wants to compete with all other banks in Australia and even other closely related countries by making a state in business sector which is found to be the advantage in competitive firm (Bureau, 2004). Strategies in Progress: In order to gain the satisfaction from the customers we need to provide them with excellent services that are appreciated and required by them by competing with the other competitors. For maintaining that, a proper business strategic planning is required for enhancing the business in this competitive world (Davis, 2007). In a similar way, a business strategy is developed by NAB which states that a social approach with high responsibility is required which corresponds to the constructive and maintainable effects in the clients, populace and societies living stay. The present business strategy that is being followed by NAB is: To benefit the clients with the rights they are eligible for Focussing on the streamline that widespread the business Business Approaches Used by NAB A better planning strategic idea has been released by the National Australian Bank in order to grow the sales and to earn customers to their bank and to make them the long term clients for their business. Australia and New Zealand are the two countries where it is focusing to develop their business with reputation as stated. Increasing the sales while benefitting the customers by providing space is the main motto of NAB. Now a days online banking is the source chosen by many customers so NAB has decided to expand their business in this firm by streamlining their attempt (Sun, 2006). They have made a separate section for processing their ideas into this area and started taking calls for the online banking sector which drastically started giving response by gaining popularity. It has given them the best support because of the advanced technology. The NAB has created a website which is ecofriendly that is the mobile and tablet users can make their payments and transactions at one go wit hout stepping out from their stable place. It is benefitting customers in choosing the products that are wanted according to their needs whenever required by holding them. A new program called Flybuy has been appealing the citizens (Davis, 2007). They are making an attempt of appropriate usage of available resources. The Bunnings productivity and popularity are being increased hand in hand. After introducing their products it has increase their revenue. The introduction of modified services is being focused to increase the sales and production. Increase in leadership qualities can enhance their growth. The NAB in turn is trying to introduce other benefits to the customers in regards of loan and liquid cashing. While focusing on the current ideas they are showing interests in the implementation of new strategies to increase sales and process development. NABs Two Famous Controversies Issues faced from Competitors: There are several complaints received from the competitors against NAB saying that they have manipulated the other small scale business people to lower their prices including the suppliers for keeping their banking sector on the top notch. It has given a chance for the producers to make profits from their payments. The other company people who are collaborated with NAB are making money with difficulty without any profits. It has been said by the competitors that the investors and the debt customers are being pressurised to cut down the costs with which there are no proper dealings occurring. The return on investment is largely expected with high interests besides which the customers in debts are unable to clear their dues on time is the main issue (Benz, 2014). A request has been sent to government to look after this high investor who is craving for power and to give chance for small scale investors along with customers in debts. It has become a problem for low investors to fix prices of their products and is often have to step back for introducing new products against NAB. Issues faced from customers: There are three key factors that are affected in any prospect. From March 2008, Return expected on the amount spent would fall to 0.4 percent, each bug interest has been lowered by a record of 2.03, 0.06 rate is focussed down, is the minimum level. Till March from previous six months there is a cost of 8.1 increases for every penny which has been followed by no reduction in three years. Besides the customers who are in debts were forced to clear their loans, the most tragic measure of National Bank in Australia (Barnet, 2001). NAB Control Management Analysis Analysis on PESTLE: It talks about the mangements control measures to keep the friendly environment in the organizations space. The situation of Political condition is that there would be no restriction at all as NAB is found to be benefit for any company since it is found to be ruling the financial sector in Australia. The Economic and Social conditions are showing the better signs of developemnt in Australia which seems to be increasing the growth in the oirganizatyoon.In order to maintain the relation with buyers for continuous update NAB has acquired a new business online by using the legal and environmental solutions at its best with the preference of advance technology. The bothering part is how financial sectors are being affected by the culture is to be considered but it has been noticed that NABs effectiveness over that is understood by the customer as it has found that it has power on almost many business sectors which are money oriented. It has made its way in the country on the top level because of its quick response. Analysis of SWOT: Strength of NAB which is most important is the items related to finance. In Australia National Australian Bank has been identified to be one of the fast growing and the developing monetary assorted player by the topographical diversification. All the top level administrative powers are been given to this bank through which it is making benefits from interests in turn huge return on investments. There is a small decline in banks functioning because of the margin drawn for the profits (Davis, 2007). NAB has been acquired by the financial institution of Great western by lending their hands for the profitable banking of NAB income to the higher level. The last one is that the national and international banking system of Australia has been affected because of the competition imposed by other developers which is showing impact on its functioning. Culture in the Organization The culture in any organization would be different there would be no comparison between the work and any other cultures from one company to the other. There are some particular set of rules that are to be followed by every employee in the organization irrespective of the position. These generally include friendly environment, good work culture, no communication gaps and the work quality is expected to be of high standards. The rules that are set by the company decide the behaviours of workers with their colleagues. There is a big difference between the National Australian bank and other financial institutions in Australia which is found to be unique banking. It has the huge number of employers along with lager number of customers which can be more than 1000. In the market which is competitive NAB provides finance services to the customers and other group of banks at very low price (Antonakis, 2015). The culture in the organization is streamlined with a proper organizational structure where it tries to implement new technological ideas into their banking sector. The processing system is quite fast when it comes to checkout, and is clearly maintained with simple format which is all computer based. In order to connect to the people it has been endorsing and promoting their products with the appealing ads and impressive front line matter. In market place this company has the superior place which has been maintained quite some time and continuing (Davis, 2007). It has been supported by the government of Australia to maintain their position at number 1 place in the banking sector. The sales in the company should always been in risisng side so they trying implementing the new technology to drawm customers attention. A campaign named Down Down has lowered the prices. Organizations Leadership Qualities A leading financial service provider operating in Australia is the National Australian Bank after it has been exempted by the competitors. There is no or less competition for NAB comparingly. Another top banking group which is providing competition to the NAB is the Commonwealth bank of Australia. In Australia the framework of business financial sectors are under the supervision of NAB, Australia and New Zealand banking sectors. Most of the Australian citizens spend at least 100$ in NAB every week which is an important point to be noted. By which we can know that it has drawn larger group of customers towards its banking. It has been considered by the Australian and New Zealand banking sectors because of its developing quality (Sun, 2006). There are separate plans made for the NAB to grow in this area. The ideas that has grabbed customers towards NAB is because of the 1$ liquid cash and the campaign named Down Down. It has immediately attracted the customers which in turn gave an opp ortunity for the customers to get loans at low interests and required funds but kept the business investors and suppliers at loss. It has implemented several advantages in order to enter the customers banking space. The special benefits that are offered by NAB to students are sporting goods, funds to study if they have an account in NAB. It made major efforts to reach to this position at which it is at present. It has overlooked at the competition given by other competitors and made a complete efforts to bring it up to the top position by implementing their ideas in endorsing their products (Barnet, 2001). To create special attention for their brand they used celebrities as their weapons by charging the suppliers and by taking commission from them. The reason behind the increment in the company sales is because of promotion through media, TV etc. The critical situations are so coolly handled by the NAB which indicates their leadership assets. Inference The staus of Natianl bank in Australia has been on rise in the market place and has gained immense popularity as a leading fianancial sector in Australia. It ahs startd as small company frim and has gained 1000 of customers at present. It has to be noted that in sometime the National Australian Bank would beat the competition without any doubt as it has maintained its existence strong by following best leadership strategies (Barnet, 2001). It has given a rigid competition to all other financial companies because of its friendly leadership strategies. The final outcome that is the rapid growth in sales is only because of its strategic values and the marketing ideas of NAB framework. The strategic development of the company is because of all the set standards. References Limited,National Australia Bank . (2016, September 04). Our Corporate Responsibility Appraoch. Retrieved from nab.com.au: https://www.nab.com.au/about-us/corporate-responsibility/responsibility-management-of-our-business/our-corporate-responsibility-approach Antonakis, J. (2015). The Leadership Quarterly. An International Journal of Political, Social and Behavioral Science. Barnet, R. D. (2001). Controversies of the Music Industry. Greenwood Publishing Group. Benz, J. (2014). NAB Legal Guide to Broadcast Law and Regulation. CRC Press. Bureau, P. N. (2004). Annual Report. National Accountability Bureau. Daft, R. L. (2014). Fundamentals of Management. Journal of Business Strategy, 2935. Davis, S. (2007). Leadership in Financial Services: Lessons for the Future. Springer. NAB. (2007). Global trends in skill-based volunteering . The Allen Consulting Group. Press, O. U. (2007). Large Print Bible-Nab. Oxford University Press. studies, D. O. (2014). The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan: Final Report on the Limes Arabicus Project, 1980-1989, Volume 1. Dumbarton Oaks. Sun, S. (2006). Organizational Culture and Its Themes - Canadian Center of Science. Journal of Business Case Studies. Thurau, T. H. (2010). The Impact of New Media on Customer Relationships. Journal of Service Research, 52-55.